How Computers Can Learn: For Starters, Chuck the Silicon

Just how stupid is your computer? The short answer is that it?s really, really stupid. The longer answer is that it?s stupider than a slime mold. The protoplasmic microbe known as the Physarum polycepharum can move from place to place by what?s known as shuttle streaming, which is a very fancy way of saying, well, oozing ? and one of the places it can ooze with surprising ease is through a maze. Put a food source at the beginning and end of a microscopic maze and, after eight hours of trial and error, the organism can change its shape so its front and back ends can both reach the goodies ? and by the shortest route possible too. In its own primitive way, through mindless chemical signals that respond only to the presence of nutrient, the slime mold learns ? something your computer will never, ever do.

Learning has always been what separates the nimble carbon-based information processing system from the rigid ? if powerful ? silicon one and has made the long-dreamed-of concept of artificial intelligence so elusive. The weakness of computer intelligence is also its central strength: its binary intelligence. No matter how big or powerful the system, all information is stored as nothing more than a series of on-off signals on microtransistors. There?s no high-charge, low-charge, sort of off, sort of on ? a universe of nuance that?s forever lost on the machine.

This is in sharp contrast to the way the synapses behave in the human or animal brain. Each neuron is synaptically connected to thousands of others around it, and the signals that run through them can vary in unlimited ways. They can be sudden and powerful (the house-shaking bam! of the first clap of thunder you hear as a baby) or they can be subtle and repetitive (the signature footfalls of the adults outside your bedroom that you must hear again and again before you distinguish mom?s from dad?s from the sitter?s). We learn instantly or in tiny increments, indelibly or forgettably, and all of this is encoded by electrochemical signals that run through our synaptic networks in an infinite variety of strengths and directions, changing the brain in the process ? which is what we mean by learning in the first place.

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But the computer?s woeful lack of learning skills might be slowly changing, if, as engineers hope, the transistor can be replaced by what is known as the memristor ? or memory resistor. The concept of a memristor ? a logic gate that works like a human neuron ? has been around for decades, but as a new paper in the Journal of Physics, by physicist Andy Thomas of Germany?s Bielefeld University, points out, we might actually be getting close to putting theory into practice.

Last year, Thomas and his colleagues developed a memristor just to satisfy themselves that the thing could, in its primitive way, behave like a neuron in the brain. Like all memristors, it consisted of a charge-resistant nanomaterial sandwiched between two electrodes ? and that was pretty much it. But there?s magic in that resistance.

While traditional computers can do things with astonishing speed, every time they repeat the same task is like the first time. That?s because when transistors are done with the task, their on-off, binary circuits are, essentially, wiped clean. A memristor does things differently. When a current flows through it in one direction, it increases its resistance to the charge; a current flowing the other way causes resistance to decrease. And when the current goes off, the last level of resistance is preserved. The memristor, essentially, remembers that final charge.

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?A memristor can store information more precisely,? Thomas said in a press release. ?[It delivers] the basis for the gradual learning and forgetting of an artificial brain.?

The new paper does not so much break new ground in engineering ? the memristor Thomas and his colleagues have this year is the same as the one last year ? but it does explain the audacious claim that a web of the things could eventually operate like a brain. For starters, there?s a flexibility that allows memristors to learn in different ways. A charge of a particular intensity for a particular time will produce a particular level of resistance ? and a charge of half the resistance for twice the time will produce the same level. This is a very brain-like way to operate. You can study distractedly for four hours to get ready for tomorrow?s test, or you can concentrate twice as hard and need just two hours to learn the same material.

A network of interconnected memristors can practice localized learning as well, which also mimics the brain. Every nerve cell in every lobe of your brain might ultimately be connected to every other one, if only via very circuitous routes, but that doesn?t mean that the whole massive network lights up when a charge goes through a single area. One set of circuits can have you humming a tune while other circuits are letting you draw a picture or work in the garden or do nothing at all. This kind of so-called input-specifity, Thomas reports, has also been observed in memristor systems, with only target pathways activated while adjacent ones remain still.

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What?s more, memristors have the power to ignore, allowing current to pass only when a certain voltage threshold is achieved and blocking it if the level falls too low. That?s the key to the selective attention that allows you to read or think or watch a movie and either not notice or soon tune out distracting thoughts or sounds or smells round you.

Finally, memristors are energy efficient. A big computer brain with lots and lots of chips requires lots and lots of power ? since every transistor on every chip may eventually require a charge. But when the whole point of your system is to resist a charge, you run small and cool instead of big and hot. ?The need for less power is particularly obvious,? writes Thomas, ?if we compare the performance of the brain of even an invertebrate with a CPU and contrast power consumption.?

Silicon computers aren?t going anywhere soon ? or maybe even ever. The fact is, they do steam-shovel work like data processing and complex calculations infinitely better and faster than humans do. The subtler stuff ? the learning and creating and even imagining ? is so far limited to us. But it?s that so-far part that might be the key.

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Source: http://news.yahoo.com/computers-learn-starters-chuck-silicon-130053836.html

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